![]() ![]() Although modern scholarship holds that Persian numbers at Thermopylae were probably much smaller than the traditional estimation of over one million, the Greeks were unquestionably outnumbered, and the Spartans’ success in holding off the Persians for seven days is one of the most remarkable such defenses in history. ![]() Before the novel begins, the Athenians had defeated a first attempted Persian invasion at the battle of Marathon. ![]() Simultaneous with the land battle, a naval battle took place at Artemisium, Thermopylae’s coastal pass. The battle was part of Persia’s second invasion of Greece, led by King Xerxes I, against the Spartan King Leonidas and his alliance of Greek city-states. and the decade leading up to that year’s monumental battle between the Greeks and Persians at Thermopylae (“Hot Gates”), Greece. ![]()
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